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ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড অনুসরণ: ত্রুটিপূর্ণ নকশার জন্য বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুতে ফাটল!

ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড অনুসরণ: ত্রুটিপূর্ণ নকশার জন্য বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুতে ফাটল!

দেশের উত্তরাঞ্চলের সঙ্গে সড়ক যোগাযোগ স্থাপনে ১৯৯৮ সালে উদ্বোধন করা হয় বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতু। তবে দ্র“তই এতে ফাটল ধরা পড়ে। তখন কমিয়ে আনা হয় ট্রেনের গতি। ফাটলের কারণ উদ্ঘাটনে কয়েক দফা গবেষণাও চলে। ২০১৩ সালে ফাটলগুলো মেরামত করা হয়। সেতুটির ফাটলের কারণ, বর্তমান অবস্থা ও ভবিষ্যৎ নিয়ে অনুসন্ধান করেছে শেয়ার বিজ। এ নিয়ে ধারাবাহিক আয়োজনের প্রথম পর্ব
ইসমাইল আলী: গ্রীষ্ম মৌসুমে যমুনা নদী ও আশপাশের এলাকায় বাতাসের তাপমাত্রা ২০ থেকে ৪০ ডিগ্রি সেলসিয়াসের মধ্যে ওঠানামা করে। এতে বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর উপরিভাগের (সুপারস্ট্রাকচার) তাপমাত্রা ওঠানামা করে ১৯ থেকে ৪৫ ডিগ্রির মধ্যে। যদিও সেতুটির নকশা প্রণয়নে তাপমাত্রা ১০-১৫ ডিগ্রি সেলসিয়াস কম বিবেচনা করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে অনুসরণ করা হয় ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড। এতে সেতুটির সুপারস্ট্রাকচারের তাপমাত্রা সহ্য ক্ষমতা অনেক কম ছিল। আর এ কারণে নির্মাণ শেষের আগেই ফাটল ধরে বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুতে।
বাংলাদেশ প্রকৌশল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের (বুয়েট) পুরকৌশল বিভাগের গবেষণায় এ তথ্য উঠে এসেছে। এ বিষয়ে একাধিক জার্নালও প্রকাশ করেছেন বুয়েটের পুরকৌশল বিভাগের গবেষকরা। এগুলোয় অতিরিক্ত ভারবাহী যান চলাচল বা ট্রেনলাইন যুক্ত করার চেয়ে তাপমাত্রার ত্রুটিকেই গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হয়।
গবেষণাগুলোয় দেখা যায়, বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর নকশা প্রণয়নে ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড (বিএস) ৫৪০০ অনুসরণ করা হয়। সেতু নির্মাণে ১৯৭৮ সালে প্রণীত এ ম্যানুয়াল অনুযায়ী, বাতাসে তাপমাত্রা ২৪-৩৮ ডিগ্রি সেলসিয়াস থাকলে সেতুর উপরিকাঠামোর (সুপারস্ট্রাকচার) তাপমাত্রা ২৭ থেকে ৩৭ ডিগ্রির মধ্যে ওঠানামা করবে। এরূপ বিবেচনায় নকশা প্রণয়ন করা হয় বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর। প্রকৃত অবস্থার সঙ্গে যার কোনো মিল নেই।

* তাপমাত্রার পার্থক্য অনেক বেশি
* নির্মাণ শেষের আগেই শুরু হয় ফাটল

বুয়েটের গবেষণায় দেখা যায়, গ্রীষ্মকালে সেতুটির সুপারস্ট্রাকচারের তাপমাত্রা ১৯ থেকে ৪৫ ডিগ্রি পর্যন্ত ওঠানামা করে। আর শীতে এ তাপমাত্রা ১৩ থেকে ৩২ ডিগ্রির মধ্যে থাকে। আবার গ্রীষ্মে হঠাৎ শিলাবৃষ্টি এলে ঘণ্টার ব্যবধানেই তাপমাত্রা ১০-১২ ডিগ্রি সেলসিয়াস কমে যায়। তাপমাত্রার এ ধরনের পার্থক্য সেতুটির নকশা প্রণয়নের সময় বিবেচনা করা হয়নি। এতে সেতুটির ডেক সø্যাবে ব্যবহৃত রডের সংকোচন ও প্রসারণ ব্যাহত হয়। ফলে নির্মাণ শেষ হওয়ার আগে সেতুতে ফাটল দেখা দেয়। এছাড়া অত্যধিক তাপমাত্রার কারণে সেতুটির মেরামতকাজও একাধিকবার ব্যাহত হয়।
সেতু বিভাগের প্রধান প্রকৌশলী কবির আহমেদ এ প্রসঙ্গে শেয়ার বিজকে বলেন, যমুনা সেতু নির্মাণের জন্য সেতু কর্তৃপক্ষের জন্ম হয়। সে সময় নিজস্ব কোনো জনবল ছিল না। যারা সে সময় কর্মরত ছিল তাদের কেউ এখন আর নেই। ফলে নকশার ত্রুটির বিষয়ে বিস্তারিত কিছু বলা সম্ভব নয়। তবে বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর ফাটলের বিষয়টি নিয়ে বুয়েটের গবেষকদল অনেক দিন ধরে কাজ করে আসছে। তারা যদি বলে থাকে নকশার ত্রুটিতে ফাটল দেখা দিয়েছে, তাহলে ঠিক আছে।

জানতে চাইলে গবেষণাদলের অন্যতম সদস্য বুয়েটের অধ্যাপক ড. সাইফুল আমীন বলেন, ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড হুবহু বাংলাদেশে অনুসরণ করা সম্ভব নয়। কারণ বাতাস, তাপমাত্রা, আর্দ্রতাসহ পরিবেশের অন্যান্য উপাদানের ভিন্নতা রয়েছে। ফলে নকশায় কিছুটা ত্রুটি ছিল। তবে ফাটল মেরামতের সময় এক্ষেত্রে প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবস্থা গ্রহণ করা হয়।
তথ্যমতে, ২০১০ সালের আগস্টে ঢাকায় অনুষ্ঠিত সেতুবিষয়ক আন্তর্জাতিক সম্মেলনে ‘আইএবিএসই-জেএসসিই জয়েন্ট কনফারেন্স ইন ব্রিজ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং-টু’ বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর ফাটলবিষয়ক একটি গবেষণাপত্র উপস্থাপন করা হয়। বুয়েটের পাঁচ অধ্যাপক ড. কেএম আমানত, এএফএম সাইফুল আমিন, টিআর হোসেন, এ কবির ও এমএ রউফ যৌথভাবে সেতুটির ফাটলের কারণ তুলে আনেন।
এতে বলা হয়, বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতু নির্মাণ শেষ হওয়ার আগেই ফাটল দেখা দেয়। সেতুটির নির্মাণপ্রতিষ্ঠান হুন্দাই ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ের ১৯৯৭ ও পরামর্শক প্রতিষ্ঠান আরপিটি-নাডিকো-বিসিএলের ১৯৯৯ সালের প্রতিবেদনে ফাটলের তথ্য উল্লেখ রয়েছে। এছাড়া ২০০৬ সালে সেতুটি পরিচালনা ও রক্ষণাবেক্ষণের দায়িত্বে থাকা মার্গা নেট ওয়ান লিমিটেডের প্রতিবেদনেও ফাটলের তথ্য উল্লেখ করা হয়।
বুয়েটের প্রতিনিধিদলের পর্যালোচনায় দেখা যায়, ১৯৯৭ ও ১৯৯৯ সালের ফাটলগুলো বড় আকার ধারণ করেছে। ফাটলের মূল কারণ হলো সেতুটির নকশা প্রণয়নে ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ৫৪০০ অনুসরণ করা হয়েছে। এতে যে তাপমাত্রা ও রডের সংকোচন-প্রসারণ ধরা হয়, তা ছিল অপর্যাপ্ত। ফলে অত্যধিক তাপমাত্রা ও ভারী যানবাহন চলাচল করায় বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুতে ফাটল বেড়েছে ও এগুলোর আকার বড় হয়েছে।

এর পাঁচ বছর পর ২০১৫ সালের আগস্টে ঢাকায় অনুষ্ঠিত সেতুবিষয়ক আন্তর্জাতিক সম্মেলনে ‘আইএবিএসই-জেএসসিই জয়েন্ট কনফারেন্স ইন ব্রিজ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং-থ্রি’ সেতুর বিভিন্ন ধরনের সমস্যা নিয়ে একটি গবেষণাপত্র উপস্থাপন করা হয়। বুয়েটের পুরকৌশল বিভাগের অধ্যাপক ড. এএফএম সাইফুল আমীন এবং জাপানের সাইতামা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পুরকৌশল ও পরিবেশ প্রকৌশল বিভাগের অধ্যাপক ওয়োশিআকি ওকুই যৌথভাবে গবেষণাপত্রটি প্রণয়ন করেন। এতে দেখানো হয় বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুটি নির্মাণে ব্রিটিশ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড অনুসরণ করায় তাপমাত্রার পার্থক্যে কী ধরনের সমস্যা হচ্ছে।

গবেষণাপত্রের সুপারস্ট্রাক: ইফেক্ট অব টেমপারেচার অংশে দেশের বিভিন্ন সেতুতে তাপমাত্রার প্রভাব তুলে ধরা হয়। বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতু প্রসঙ্গে ওই অংশে বলা হয়, বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতু উদ্বোধনের আগেই এর কিছু অংশে ফাটল দেখা দেয়। মাঝের স্প্যানের উপরিভাগে এসব ফাটল সৃষ্টি হয়। সময়ের ব্যবধানে এগুলোর আকার বড় হয়েছে ও সংখ্যা বেড়েছে। গত দুই বছর বিভিন্ন ঋতুতে সেতুর তাপমাত্রা সংগ্রহ ও বিশ্লেষণ করে বুয়েট দেখতে পায়, সেতুটির সুপারস্ট্রাকচার বিভিন্ন মৌসুমে বিভিন্ন রকমের তাপমাত্রা সহ্য করে। একই অবস্থা সেতুটির নিচের পৃষ্ঠে।
দিনে ও রাতে বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতু বিপরীতমুখী তাপমাত্রা সহ্য করে থাকে। গ্রীষ্মকালে এর পরিমাণ বৃদ্ধি পায়। এ সময় নকশার চেয়ে ১১ ডিগ্রি সেলসিয়াস বেশি তাপমাত্রা থাকে সেতুটির উপরিভাগে। তবে হঠাৎ বৃষ্টি এলে তাপমাত্রা ১৫ ডিগ্রি পর্যন্ত কমে। তবে সেতুটির নিচের পৃষ্ঠের তাপমাত্রা তখনও অপরিবর্তিত ছিল। ১৯৯৮ থেকে ২০১২ সাল পর্যন্ত এর চেয়েও খারাপ পরিস্থিতির শিকার হয় সেতুটি।
বিষয়টি জানতে সেতুর নকশা প্রণয়নকারী প্রতিষ্ঠান যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের টি ওয়াই লিন ইন্টারন্যাশনালের প্রধান শাখায় ই-মেইলে একাধিকবার যোগাযোগ করা হয়। তবে কোম্পানিটির পক্ষ থেকে কোনো উত্তর পাওয়া যায়নি।
সেতু কর্তৃপক্ষ সূত্র জানায়, টি ওয়াই লিন ইন্টারন্যাশনালের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা অধ্যাপক টি ওয়াই লিনের বই পুরকৌশলে পাঠ্য হিসেবে বিশ্বে সমাদৃত। বুয়েটেও টি ওয়াই লিনের বই সেতু ডিজাইনের জন্য পাঠ্য হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়। এছাড়া অধ্যাপক টি ওয়াই লিন ২০০৩ সালে মারা গেছেন। এজন্য বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর নকশার ভুলের বিষয়টি নিয়ে বুয়েট থেকে বলা হয়ে হলেও সেতু কর্তৃপক্ষ তা নিয়ে যোগাযোগ করেনি।

এদিকে অতিরিক্ত তাপমাত্রার জন্য বঙ্গবন্ধু সেতুর ফাটল মেরামত কয়েক দফা ব্যাহত হয়। ফাটলে লাগানো আঠাও উঠে যায়। এতে বন্ধ রাখা হয় ফাটল মেরামত। পরে সেতুটি মেরামতের সময় নতুন কিছু প্রযুক্তি ব্যবহারের সুপারিশ করে বুয়েট। এরপর সেতুটি মেরামত করা হয়।
অধ্যাপক ড. সাইফুল আমীন বলেন, ফাটল মেরামত কয়েক দফা ব্যর্থ হওয়ার পর নতুন প্রযুক্তি ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর পর সেতুটি মেরামত সম্পন্ন করা যায়। এতে সেতুটির তাপ সহ্য ক্ষমতাও বেড়েছে।

সুত্র :শেয়ার বিজ , ২৯ জানুয়ারী ২০১৭


About the Author

RailNewsBD
রেল নিউজ বিডি (Rail News BD) বাংলাদেশের রেলের উপর একটি তথ্য ও সংবাদ ভিত্তিক ওয়েব পোর্টাল।

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